Protein Models & Hypothesis

PROTEIN MODELS & HYPOTHESIS

Fig. 1. Antifreeze protein binds to ice crystals and modifies ice morphology.
Fig. 2. Structure of Type I AFP from the winter flounder. It is a single helix. For detail, see Yang et al., Nature 1988.
Fig. 3. Structure of Type II AFP from herring. The structure is modeled based on similarity with E Selection. The white ball represents the Ca ⁺⁺ ion. For detail, see Ewart et al., JBC 1996.
Fig. 4. (a & b) X ray structure of type III AFP in a putative ice binding mode, from Yang et al., Biophysical J. 1998. A similar model was also reported by Jia et al., Nature 1996.


Fig. 5. The control of AFP gene expression in the winter flounder. In the winter, due to the short photoperiod, GH is not available to activate IGF-1. This would allow functional C/EBP and AEP to bind to the enhancer sequence to activate AFP gene.
Fig. 6. The synergistic interaction of estrogen receptor (ER) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) is sufficient to overcome the inhibition of a proximal silencer binding protein to activate GTHIIgene promoter.
Fig. 7. (a) Transgenic Atlantic salmon using our "all fish" gene constructs. (b) Trangenic talipia using our "all fish" gene constructs - courtesy of Norman Maclean.
In both (a) and (b), the larger transgenic fish was compared with the same aged, non-transgenic controls.