WorldBryo_Red_List_Introduction

<body> <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p> <font SIZE="5"><p ALIGN="CENTER"> </p> </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="5"><b><p>The 2000 IUCN World Red List of Bryophytes</p> </b></font><font SIZE="5"><p ALIGN="CENTER"> </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Ben Tan, Patricia Geissler, Tomas Hallingbäck and Lars Söderström </p> <p> </p> </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="4"><b><p>Introduction</p> </b></font><font SIZE="2"><p>The present World Red List of Bryophytes includes 92 species. This is merely a selection of species in order to show examples of threatened species world-wide. This means that this list represent only a small subset of globally threatened species, a selection which give the public a rough idea of what kind of mosses, liverworts and hornworts are threatened by extinction.</p> <p> </p> </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="4"><b><p>Method</p> </b></font><font SIZE="2"><p>The selection of species was based on the following four criteria: 1) the species must be threatened world-wide; 2) the species must be confined to a threatened habitat; 3) the species must have a narrow distribution range; 4) the species is not overlooked.</p> <p>The list of candidates was than presented for public comment via the bryological listserver at Internet (BRYONET). Consequently, we received several responses, especially information on the local geography of the endangered species, for which we are most thankful. </p> <p>After that we evaluated each species against the IUCN categories (IUCN 1994), using the guidelines presented in Hallingbäck <i>et al. </i>(1998), beginning with DD continuing with Extinct, proceeding with CR, EN, VU and LR (cd, nt, lc).</p> <p>For the definitions of CR, EN VU LR (cd, nt, lc) see Appendix 1. </p> <p> </p> </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="4"><b><p>Discussion</p> </b></font><font SIZE="2"><p>It was not an easy task to select candidates. Even for European and Macaronesian species, where the actual distribution should be relatively well known, honest threat assessment is difficult to establish. For many other regions, particularly tropical areas, the bryophyte flora is even less well known. Where recent literature still reports large regions of presence, with many localities within the distribution area, the species were provisionally relegated in the category Lower Risk (near threatened). i.e. those not considered to be threatened at this moment. Likewise, all taxa with problems of taxonomic kind are not yet included or were considered as Data Deficient (DD). These Lower Risk and Data Deficient species are listed reparateley and not published, but can be ordered on request. </p> <p>Several of the disqualified entries are taxa whose current range or distribution is difficult to assess world-wide. Others are inconspicuous species of disturbed sites whose habitats do not appear to be threatened by human activities. Many are simply rare, local endemics whose habitat threat has not been observed or identified. While some species have been recently described and therefore it is needed to assess their total range and habitat threat.</p> <p>This IUCN World Red List of bryophytes is also available on the web: www. address http://www.dha.slu.se/guest/bryophytes.htm </p> </font><b><font SIZE="4"><p> </p> <p>The List </p> </font><i><font SIZE="2"><p> </p> </font><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="5"><p>MOSSES (MUSCI)</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><p>Acritodon nephrophilus </i></b>Robins. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Sematophyllaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Mexico (Oaxaca State). </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On trees in forested ravines in cloud forest belt. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Known only from the type locality where large areas of forest have been felled recently.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: C. Delgadillo pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The population is suspected to have declined strongly because its habitat has, during the last 10-20 years, been severely destroyed by man. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on a strong decline in quality of its habitat high level of human exploitations. - CR (A1).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Archidium elatum </b></i>Dix. & Sainsb. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Archidiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: New Zealand (North Auckland). Known from two localities. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On coastal rock. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Its habitat is threatened at present.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: A. Fife pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Aschisma kansanum </b></i>Andrews. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Pottiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: USA (Kansas in three counties). </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Known from an unusual habitat of quartz pebbles in sandy Pleistocene gravels covered partly by the persistent protonema of this species. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Because of its rarity, the populations are severely threatened now by over collection and also by cattle grazing in the area.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Crum and Anderson, 1981; Smith-Merrill, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The species seem to have a very restricted distribution. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Vulnerable, based on an estimation that the number of localities are fewer than 5. - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Brymela tutezona </b></i>Crosby & Allen. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Hookeriaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Panama (Cerro Arizona, Veraquas Province). Not known outside of the type locality. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphytic in tree crown in elfin cloud forest. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat is currently undergoing rapid deforestation. </p> <b><p>Source</b>: Gradstein 1992a,b. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the deforestation continues. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small fragmented area and the decline of habitat quality. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Bryoxiphium madeirense </b></i>Löve & Löve. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Bryoxiphiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Portugal (Madeira). There are only five known localities for the species. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On moist and dripping volcanic rocks in shaded streams in <i>Laurus</i> forest. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat threatened by the recent logging and clearing of <i>Laurus</i> forest for agriculture and pasture.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Löve and Löve, 1953; ECCB 1995. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy today is less than 500km² and the species habitat seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Crassiphyllum fernandesii </b></i>(C. Sergio) Ochyra [syn. Thamnobryum fernandesii C. Sergio]. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Thamnobryaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Portugal (Madeira). Restricted to about 10 populations. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: In permanently wet habitats, such as dripping rocks or waterfalls, in the central part of the island at high elevation above 1,000m. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat is threatened by the expansion of agriculture and grazing.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Ochyra, 1991; Hedenäs, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Distichophyllum carinatum </b></i>Dix. & Nichols. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Hookeriaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Germany (EN, 1 site), Austria (EX), Switzerland (EX), Japan (1 site), and China (1 site in Sichuan). Known only from three actual sites. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On wet limestone cliffs in wooded ravines and on tree trunks in deciduous forest in mountains. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Very sensitive to subtle changes of habitat conditions for example air pollution.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Urmi 1984, Noguchi 1991, R. Lübenau pers. comm. , H. Deguchi pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the decline of air quality and number of locations. - EN (B1,2c + C2a).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Ditrichum cornubicum </b></i>Paton. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Ditrichaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: United Kingdom (Cornwall). Known from only one site. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: The species is known from copper mine-wastes in two granitic areas. Plants grow on compacted, well-drained peaty, loamy or gravely soil where the vegetation is sparse and open. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: In recent years, the population is known to have disappeared from one of the two original sites. Habitat threatened by encroachment of coarse vegetation and excessive human disturbance for example from vehicles on the sites.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Paton, 1976; ECCB 1995. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small fragmented area and the decline of habitat quality. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Donrichardsia macroneuron </b></i>(Grout) Crum & Anders. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Donrichardsiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: USA (Texas, Edwards County). Only one locality remains. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Growing over boulders in water of calcareous springs. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The calcareous spring habitat is unusual and is easily degraded by settlements.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Wyatt and Stoneburner1980. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The species seem to have a very restricted distribution. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Vulnerable, based on an estimation that the number of localities are fewer than 5. - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Echinodium renauldii</b></i> (Card.) Broth. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Echinodiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Portugal (Azores). Seven known localities on five islands. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On rocks in forested, shaded ravines and craters above 500m alt. The species is also known from a Pliocene fossil from the Canary Islands. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The <i>Laurel</i> forest habitat is threatened by logging because of changes to land use policy.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Churchill, 1986; ECCB 1995, Sjögren 1997. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The species seems to have a very restricted distribution. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Vulnerable, based on an estimate that the number of localities are fewer than 5. - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Echinodium setigerum </b></i>(Mitt.) Jur. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Echinodiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Portugal (Madeira, NW part). Confined to a few localities. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On stones in deep and narrow valleys. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Confined to localities where the natural forest habitat is threatened by changing land uses.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Hedenäs 1992. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The species seem to have a very restricted distribution. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Vulnerable, based on an estimation that the number of localities are fewer than 5. - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Fissidens hydropogon </b></i>Spruce ex Mitt. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Fissidentaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Amazonian Ecuador (Southeastern part at the foot of the Andes along Rio Bombonasa). Known only from the type collected in 1857. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Submerged in flowing river in rain forest. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The forest in the area has been disturbed.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Pursell et al. 1988, R. Pursell pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small fragmented area and the decline of habitat quality. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Flabellidium spinosum </b></i>Herz. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Brachytheciaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Bolivia (Santa Cruz Cordillera). Known only from the type collection made in 1911. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphytic. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The forest of the type locality and vicinity has been logged and cultivated over the years.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Enroth, 1995; idem, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: We consider that there is no reasonable doubt that the last locality for this species has been destroyed and that the last individual has died. - EX.</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Gymnostomum boreale </b></i>Nyh. & Hedenäs. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Pottiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Russia (Kulmakkapus mountain in Kuusamo Region of NW Russia where it has not been collected since 1938). Known only from a single locality. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Species of boreal montane habitat. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Threatened by human activities.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Hedenäs, pers. comm.; Söderström, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The species seem to have a very restricted distribution. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Vulnerable, based on an estimation that the number of localities are fewer than 5. - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Hypnodontopsis apiculata </b></i>Iwats. & Nog. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Rhachitheciaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Japan (Honshu). Six localities known and only small colonies. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Restricted habitat on the bark of <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i> (rarely on pine tree) in gardens of buddhist temples, shinto shrines and old castles. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The population at the type locality has disappeared because the trees were cut down or damaged by typhoons. At the remaining sites the growth is threatened by tree removal, because most of the sites are very close to human inhabitations.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Iwatsuki, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The population is suspected to have declined drastically because its habitat has, during last 10 years, been destroyed by man. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on a decline of suitable trees, high level of human exploitations and heavy air pollution. - EN (A 1c,d,e).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Jaffueliobryum arsenei </b></i>(Thér.) Thér. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Grimmiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Mexico (State of Querétaro and Zacatecas). Four localities. One of sites in Zacatecas may have been destroyed by human interference. The other three are situated close to urban developments. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On soil-covered rocks in dry lands. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitats are threatened by farmland expansion and housing.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Churchill 1987 and Claudio Delgadillo pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Lepidopilum grevilleanum </b></i>Mitt. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Callicostaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Ecuador (Western coastal region of Andean foothills). Known only from two localities. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On trees in humid premontane forests. According to Churchill (1992) this very conspicuous species and is likely to be collected even by non-bryologists. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The massive deforestation in W Ecuador may account in part for the rarity or even possible extinction of this species.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Churchill 1992. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Leucoperichaetium eremophilum </b></i>Magill. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Grimmiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Namibia (Witpuetz). Known only from the type collection. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On quartzite outcrop in dwarf succulent shrub lands. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The locality is close to a seaport and is now threatened by urban and industrial developments.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Magill 1981. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the species habitats seem to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small fragmented area and the decline of habitat quality. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Limbella fryei </b></i>(Williams) Ochyra. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Amblystegiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: USA (Coastal Oregon, Sutton Lake Swamp Preserve). Known from two sites, however is confirmed only at one of those. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Near a road by a lake on wet rotten wood, leaf litter etc. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Housing development, water pollution, earthquake-related subsidence, and human-caused changes in hydrology are the primary threats (Christy and Wagner 1996).</p> <b><p>Source</b>: W. B. Schofield pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small fragmented area and the decline of habitat quality. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Mamillariella geniculata </b></i>Lazar. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Leskeaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Russia (Russian Far East near Khabarovsk). Known only from 5-7 localities. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: In mixed deciduous forest. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The forests in Russian Far East are today seriously threatened by the on-going economic development in the region.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Buck, 1981; Ignatov, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Merrilliobryum fabronioides </b></i>Broth. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Fabroniaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Philippines (mountains of northern Luzon). Known from a few old collections. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphytic on trees in montane mossy forests. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat has been disturbed for decades by agricultural expansion, logging and mining operations.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Gradstein 1992a, B. C. Tan pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Mitrobryum koelzii </b></i>Robins. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Dicranaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: India (Uttar Pradesh). First reported in 1968 from the type and one other collection in the area at 3,300m. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On soil in forest. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitats threatened by human activities.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Vohra 1987. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seem to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Neckeropsis pocsii </b></i>Enroth & Magill. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Neckeraceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Comoro Islands (Mayotte). Only one locality. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On boulders in mesic evergreen forest. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The species is threatened by excessive logging.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Enroth and Magill, 1994; Pócs, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small fragmented area and logging. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Neomacounia nitida </b></i>(Lindb.) Irel. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Neckeraceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Canada (Ontario, Hastings County). Known only from the type and two other collections made in the same general locality between 1862 and 1864. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On elms in a swamp. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: An attempt was made to rediscover <i>Neomacounia nitida</i>, however unsuccessfully.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Ireland 1974. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known localities have been checked in the 70s without success. The species may therefore be considered as extinct until proven otherwise. - EX.</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Ochyraea tatrensis </b></i>Vána. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Hypnobartlettiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Slovakian Republic (Nizke Tatry Mts). Known only from two localities but has vanished from one of these recently. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On granite stones in stream at subalpine elevation. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat threatened by human activities.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: J. Vána pers. comm. and Vána 1976. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The species seem to have a very restricted population size. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered, based on an estimation that the number of individuals are fewer than 50. - CR (D1).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Orthodontopsis bardunovii </b></i>Ignatov & Tan. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Bryaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Russia (Siberia in Altai Mts. and Western Sayan Mt.). Known only from a few localities. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On rotten old log in Pinus-Larix forest. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The species seems unable to survive outside the fast disappearing old growth forest.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: M. Ignatov, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Orthotrichum scanicum </b></i>Grönv. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Orthotrichaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Europe, found in 13 countries, however based mostly on old reports and it is considered endangered or extinct in several countries. The number of present sub-regions is probably less than 10. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On trunk and branches of conifers as well as broad-leaf deciduous trees. Its overall range is declining in Europe. Many local populations are now extinct. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Threatened by the felling of host trees and air pollution.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: ECCB 1995; M. Ignatov pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The population is suspected to has declined at least 20% over the last 10-20 years, because suitable trees has been cut and air pollution has stopped their regeneration. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Vulnerable. - VU (A1c,d,e).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Orthotrichum truncato-dentatum </b></i>C. Muell. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Orthotrichaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Uruguay (Montevideo) and Argentina (Isla Recreo). Known only from the type and two other collections made more than a 100 years ago. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On trees near human settlements. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The two known localities are heavily urbanised today.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Lewinsky 1992. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Ozobryum ogalalense </b></i>G. L. S.-Merrill. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Pottiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: USA (Kansas). Known only from a single locality. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Confined to an unusual habitat - strongly calcareous, porous rock outcrop ledges charged with moisture, surrounded by prairie. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The location is threatened by cattle grazing and human disturbance.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: S. Merrill, 1992; ibid, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the high pressure from cattle grazing and other human disturbances. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Pinnatella limbata </b></i>Dix. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Neckeraceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: India (Uttar Kanad, formerly North Kanara, District of Karnataka State). Known only from a single locality. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: A rheophyte attached to rocks in a fast flowing stream. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Threatened by the fast destruction of forests in SW India due to population expansion.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Enroth, 1994; B. O'Shea pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small fragmented area and the decline of habitat quality. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Renauldia lycopodioides </b></i>Bizot ex Pócs. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Pterobryaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Tanzania (Sagara Ridge of West Usambara Mts. and Uzungwe Mts.). Known only from two localities. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyte on branches in mossy montane forest. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The forest habitat is still threatened by illegal deforestation at present.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: T. Pócs pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Sciaromiopsis sinensis </b></i>(Broth.) Broth. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Donrichardsiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: China (Sichuan, Daliang-shan at Yanyuan; Lungdschu-shan at Huili and Yunnan, Lidjiang). Known from three small localities. In spite of recent expeditions in the area it has not been found again. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Submerged in clean, flowing river. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The natural vegetation at the sites is seriously disturbed today by a growing population, deforestation and industrialisation, causing heavy siltation in the rivers.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Ochyra 1986 and Cao Tong, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be degrading. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small remaining potential area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Skottsbergia paradoxa </b></i>Card. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Ditrichaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Argentina (South Georgia and part of Fuegian Island). Known only from a few localities. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Associated with <i>Sphagnum</i> in boggy areas. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The localities are highly threatened by increasing human activities.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: C. Matteri pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Sphagnum leucobryoides </b></i>Yamaguchi, Seppelt & Iwats. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Sphagnaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Australia (SW Tasmania). Few localities. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Buried in wet sandy soil in alluvial wash site. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Uncontrolled intensive burning of the sedge land.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Yamaguchi et al. 1990. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The species seem to have a very restricted distribution. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Vulnerable, based on an estimation that the number of localities are fewer than 5. - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Sphagnum novo-caledoniae </b></i>Par. & Warnst. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Sphagnaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: New Caledonia (Plateau de Dogny, Foret de Tao, and Mt Panie). Confined to very few localities. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Growing on rocks in small stream in shaded forest between 730 and 1,200m. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Pollution of stream water.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: T. Engelmark and T. Hallingbäck, pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The species seem to have a very restricted distribution. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Vulnerable, based on an estimation that the number of localities are fewer than 5. - VU (D2).</p> <p> </p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Takakia ceratophylla </b></i>(Mitt.) Grolle. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Takakiaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Sikkim, Nepal, Tibet, Yunnan and Aleutian Islands. Known from five general localities in the northern hemisphere, although the species is not uncommon on some of the Aleutian Islands. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On shaded, dampish cliffs and very wet ground with late snow cover. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Populations range from highly fragmented to unstable. Habitats threatened by human activities.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Hattori et al. 1968, Smith and Davidson 1993. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 500km² and the species habitats seems to be declining. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Endangered based on the small fragmented area, the decline of habitat quality and the declining number of locations. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Taxitheliella richardsii </b></i>Dix. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Hypnaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Malaysia (Sarawak). Know only from the type collection made in 1932. </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphytic on rotten logs and lianas inside primary lowland rain forests. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The primary lowland forest in Borneo is seriously threatened today by logging.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Gradstein 1992a, B. C. Tan pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the deforestation at the localities seems to continue. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small fragmented area and the decline of habitat quality. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Tayloria rudolphiana </b></i>(Garov.) Bruch & Schimp. [syn. <i>Tayloria delavayi</i> (Besch.) Besch.]. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Splachnaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Austria (Ex), Germany (E), Switzerland (R) and China (Yunnan). Reported from four countries with a few localities in each country. Populations reported from Germany and Switzerland have not been found again.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyte on the droppings of birds left on trees. In Central Europe restricted to subalpine zone. Habitat in China is on <i>Quercus</i> trunk. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitats in Europe are vulnerable to inappropriate forest management and the felling of old trees for expansion of human settlement.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: A. Koponen 1992; ECCB 1995. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The population is suspected to have declined at least 20% the latest 10-20 years, because of habitat destruction by man. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Vulnerable based on a decline in quality of its habitat and high level of human exploitations. - VU (A1c,d,e).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Thamnobryum angustifolium </b></i>(Holt) Crundw. </p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Thamnobryaceae. </p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: United Kingdom (Only one locality in Derbyshire, England). </p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Shaded rock-face beside a calcareous spring or on lime rock in stream. </p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Although now in a nature reserve, there is public pressure to build a footpath. The population is also threatened by frequent collections made by botanists and the pollution of the spring.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Hodgetts and Blockeel 1992; ECCB 1995; B. O'Shea pers. comm. </p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The known area of occupancy is today less than 100km² and the species seems to be threatened by botanists collecting bryophytes. It therefore meets the IUCN criteria Critically Endangered based on the small area and the decline of water quality. - CR (B1,2c).</p> <p> </p> </font><b><i><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="5"><p>LIVERWORTS (HEPATCAE) and HORNWORTS (ANTHOCEROTAE)</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><p>Aitchinsoniella himalayensis</i> </b>Kash<b>.</p> </b></font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Aitchinsoniellaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Western Himalaya (India: Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh) in at least 8 localities but everywhere rare. In recent years found on only two localities, 1988 and 1991.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On muddy exposed slopes, moist rocks and seepy cliffs, 2,000-2,950m.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction (road constructions) in combination with sparse reproduction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Udar and Srivastava 1983a, Bischler <i>et al.</i> 1994, Pant <i>et al.</i> 1994.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining populations (decreased with at least 50% over the last 3 generations) and habitat quality. - EN (B1, 2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Andrewsianthus ferrugineus </b></i>Grolle</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lophoziaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Eastern Himalaya, east Nepal (3 localities) and Bhutan (1 locality).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On trunks of <i>Juniperus</i> in damp <i>Abies/Juniperus</i> forests.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction (deforestation).</p> <b><p>Source</b>: D. Long pers. comm., Grolle 1966, Hattori 1975, Long and Grolle 1990.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitat quality. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Anthoceros neesii </b></i>Prosk.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Anthocerotaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Austria. There are only two recent localities (out of many old) both situated in Austria (Köckinger pers. comm.)</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Clayey-loamy soils in open places. Seems to be restricted to crop fields (primary habitat unknown).</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Its habitat has undergone drastically changes due to changes in agricultural practices.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: J. Vána pers. comm., ECCB 1995.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in only 2 localities) in combination with continuing decline in habitat quality. - EN (B1,2c)<i>.</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><b><p>Bazzania bhutanica</b> </i>Kitag. & Grolle.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lepidoziaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Bhutan (southern part), known from only one locality.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On crumbling shady rock face in subtropical forest of Himalaya (Long and Grolle 1990).</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Forests in the subtropical zone of the Himalayas are threatened by deforestation and other human activity.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: D. Long pers. comm., Long and Grolle 1990.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 1 km² in only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitat quality. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Bryopteris gaudichaudii </b></i>Gott.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Madagascar (northern part) and Reunion. Only known from very few localities and found only once since 1900 (i.e. in 1996).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyte in rain forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction. Madagascar and Réunion has and is still undergoing rapid deforestation.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: S.R. Gradstein pers. comm., T. Pócs pers. comm., Gradstein 1992a.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 1 km² in only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Calypogeia rhynchophylla </b></i>(Herz.) Bischl.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Calypogeiaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Costa Rica. Three localities on the mainland and recently found in a nature reserve on Cocos Island off the coast of Costa Rica.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphytic on trunks in rain forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction (deforestation).</p> <b><p>Source</b>: S.R. Gradstein pers. comm., Bischler 1962, Morales 1991, Gradstein 1992b.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. However, the recently found occurrence in a reserve increase the survival possibility and it is possible that it occurs in more localities. It is therefore down-weighted to the category Vulnerable based on the same criteria. - VU (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Caudalejeunea grolleana </b></i>Gradst.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Northern Madagascar (2 localities).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On stems and dead wood in lowland rain forest (Vanden Berghen 1984).</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction. Rain forests, especially lowland rain forests, have decreased in area and is still decreasing.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Gradstein 1974, 1992a, Vanden Berghen 1984.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Cheilolejeunea cedercreutzii </b></i>(Buch & H. Perss.) Grolle</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Endemic to the Azores.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous and on old porous bark in <i>Juniperus</i> forests, 7,00-1,000m a.s.l.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction (deforestation).</p> <b><p>Source</b>: ECCB (1995).</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats - EN (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Cladolejeunea aberrans </b></i>(Steph.) Zwickel</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Tanzania (east Usambara Mountains). Known from two nearby localities.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous on ferns (Pócs 1985).</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction. Mountain forests are declining in area and habitat quality and the species is declining.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: T. Pócs pers. comm.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Cololejeunea azorica </b></i>V. All. & Jovet-Ast</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Madeira and the Azores. Known from less than 20 localities.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous in <i>Juniperus</i> and laurel forests.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction (deforestation).</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Sjögren 1975, 1978, ECCB 1995.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 1,000km² in few localities) in combination with declining habitats. - VU (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Cololejeunea magnilobula </b></i>(Horik.) Hatt.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Known only from the type locality in Taiwan (not reported seen after 1934) and two recently discovered localities in mainland China (Zhejiang province).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous and epiphytic on trunks.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Forest in east Asia are declining in area but the localities in mainland Chin are in nature reserves.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Zhu <i>et al.</i> 1994, Zhu 1995.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in 2 localities) in combination with declining habitats. The two recently discovered localities are in nature reserves and thus not immediately threatened. - EN (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><b><i><p>Dactylolejeunea acanthifolia</i> </b>Schust.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Dominica in the West Indies. Used to be known from only two locality but recently found on several new sites (I. Schaefer-Verwimp pers. comm. by Geissler).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous in old growth rain forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction (deforestation).</p> <b><p>Source</b>: P. Geissler pers. comm., Gradstein 1992a, Schuster 1970.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 20,000km²) in combination with declining habitats. - VU (B2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Dendroceros japonicus </b></i>Steph.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Anthocerotaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Taiwan, Japan (central part and Ryukyu Is.), Bonin Is. and Micronesia (Kusaie).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On trunks, branches or leaves of trees.</p> <b><p>Threats</b>: Disappearing from the northern parts of its distribution range, probably due to destruction of forest quality.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: J. Hasegawa pers. comm., Shin 1970, Hasegawa 1980, Miller <i>et al.</i> 1983.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnearable) based on observed decline in population sizes (suspected to have declined at least 20% the last 10-20 years due to declining habitat quality). - VU (A1c,d).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Diplocolea sikkimensis </b></i>Amak.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Jungermanniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Known from two localities in India (Sikkim) and one in Nepal.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyte on bark, 3,650-4,000m a.s.l.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: J. Vána pers. comm., Amakawa 1963, Hattori 1968, Vána 1973.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Drepanolejeunea aculeata </b></i>Bischler</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo States). Not found since 1922.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous in old growth rain forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: A. Schäfer-Verwimp pers. comm., Bischler 1964, Gradstein 1992b.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its observed decline in population size (declined strongly due to habitat destruction during last 10-20 years, if not completely disappeared). Until searched for in suitable localities it can not be considered extinct without reasonable doubt - CR (A1c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Drepanolejeunea bakeri</b> </i>Herz.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Philippines (Luzon Island). Known from three localities.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous in moist forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Threatened by extensive logging and agricultural expansion.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Tixier pers. comm.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in 3 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Drepanolejeunea senticosa </b></i>Bischler</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Cuba. Only known from the type specimen.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous. Perianth and capsules unknown but males frequent.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Bischler 1964.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Only one locality known. It therefore meets the criteria for the IUCN category Critically Endangered. It maybe even be extinct. However, until it is searched for at the old locality and similar extant localities it must be considered as Critically Endangered. - CR(D1).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Eopleurozia simplicissima </b></i>(Herz.) Schust.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Pleuroziaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Borneo, Sarawak (2 localities).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Submontane rain forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction (deforestation).</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Gradstein 1992a.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in 2 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><b><i><p> </p> <p>Frullania polysticta</i> </b>Lindenb.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Frullaniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Endemic to Macaronesia (Canary Islands and Madeira) with about 25 recent localities.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Tree trunks, shaded rocks and humid soil in laurel forsts.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Casas <i>et al.</i> 1996.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 20,000km²) in combination with declining habitats. - VU (B2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Fulfordianthus evansii </b></i>(Fulf.) Gradst.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Belize and Costa Rica.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Shade epiphyte in wet Atlantic Central American rain forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: S.R. Gradstein pers. comm. and Gradstein 1992b.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Geothallus tuberosus </b></i>Campb.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Sphaerocarpaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: USA, southern California. Previously known only from the immediate vicinity of San Diego, but recently found in a reserve 110km to the north (Doyle 1998).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On soil in extremely xeric conditions.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Threatened by urbanization. Wolery and Doyle (1969) searches for it in the wild, and found eight population in the small area around San Diego. Since then, the human population of the urban area has doubled with a rapid, intense urban development. The recently found population is, however, not immediately threatened.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Whittemore in litt., Wolery and Doyle 1969, Doyle 1998.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Haesselia roraimensis </b></i>Grolle & Gradst.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Cephaloziaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Guyana, found five times on a single locality at the foot of Mt. Roraima.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On rotten logs in periodically flooded, riverine forest and in dense, submontane "mossy" forest between 550 and 1,550m.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Small distribution area.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Grolle and Gradstein 1988, Gradstein 1992a.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (less than 5 localities). - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Hattoria yakushimensis </b></i>(Horik.) Schust.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Jungermanniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Southern Japan. Known from three localities.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyte.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: Kitagawa 1966, Vána 1973.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (less than 5 localities). - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Herbertus borealis </b></i>Crundw.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Herbertaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Britain (Scotland, 1 locality) and SW Norway (4 localities).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Cliffs and wet ground, especially besides waterfalls but also on other localities with high humidity.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Accidental fire and deer grazing in Britain, small populations in Norway. Populations does not seem to be declining. In Norway, three of the four localities are visited recently and the species was found on two of them (the 3<sup>rd</sup> was difficult to locate).</p> <b><p>Source</b>: G. Løe pers. comm., Hill <i>et al.</i> 1991, ECCB 1995, Frisvoll and Blom 1997.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (less than 5 localities). - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Jamesoniella undulifolia </b></i>(Nees) K. Muell.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Jungermanniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Northern and Central Europe, Siberia, Chukotka, Kamchatka, northeastern China (Manchuria), North Korea and two sites on Greenland.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: In fens. Several old localities known but it has disappeared from most of them in Europe and very few sites are unspoiled today except for several recently found sites in northern Asia where it may be more common than known today.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction by drainage, flooding for reservoirs, forest planting and cattle grazing.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: N. Konstantinova pers. comm., Grolle 1971, Piippo 1990, ECCB 1995, Konstantinova and Czernjadieva 1995, Konstantinova and Potemkin 1996, Schuster and Konstantinova 1996, Yamada and Choe 1997.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on the decline of populations (at least in part of its distribution area, and more than 20% of its populations have probably disappeared within the last 3 generations). - VU (A1a,c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Kurzia sinensis </b></i>Chang.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lepidoziaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: China (Zhejiang province). Only known from type specimen.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Humid forest, 300m a.s.l.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction by rapid development of tourism.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Mizutani and Chang 1986, Zhu <i>et al.</i> 1994.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km² in only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Lepidozia azorica </b></i>Buch & H. Perss.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lepidoziaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Azores and recently discovered on the Canary Islands.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphytic in <i>Juniperus</i> cloud forests.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Sjögren 1978, Dirkse <i>et al.</i> 1993, ECCB 1995.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Leptolejeunea tridentata</b> </i>Bischler</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Colombia (Chocó Department). Known only from type specimen found in 1957.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous in old growth lowland rain forest.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Bischler 1969, Gradstein 1992b.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km² in only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Leptoscyphus azoricus </b></i>(Buch & H. Perss.) Grolle</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Geocalycaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: The Azores. Occurrence very rare and local but recently found on several new localities (Vána, pers. comm.).</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphytic in <i>Juniperus </i>cloud forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: J. Vána pers. comm., Sjögren 1978, ECCB 1995.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on declining habitat. - VU (A1cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Luteolejeunea herzogii </b></i>(Buchloch) Piippo</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Panama, Colombia and Peru on 5 localities.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Dead wood in lowland to submontane forests.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Piippo 1986, Gradstein 1992a.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² in only 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Marsupella profunda </b></i>Lindb.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Gymnomitriaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Azores (1 locality), Madeira (1 locality), Canary Islands (1 locality), Portugal (1 recent locality) and SW Britain (Cornwall, 3 localities).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On acid, clayey, exposed soils.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: In Macaronesia and Portugal by changes in land use, inappropriate forest management and pressure from tourism. In Britain the habitat dynamics are disturbed and the open spots are overgrown without new ones created.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: C. Sérgio pers. comm., Hill <i>et al.</i> 1991, Crundwell <i>et al.</i> 1994, ECCB 1995, Casas <i>et al.</i> 1996.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km²) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Myriocolea irrorata </b></i>Spruce</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Ecuador (along the Rio Topo in the Amazonian part). Known only from type collection from 1857. Recent efforts to relocate the species have been unsuccessful.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On twigs of shrubs sprinkled by the stream in undisturbed rain forest area, c. 1,000m a.s.l.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Deforestation and deterioration of water courses.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: S.R. Gradstein pers. comm., Spruce 1884, Gradstein 1992b.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The unsuccessful efforts to find it at the original locality suggest that it is extinct but the area is too badly known to leave this without doubt. However, facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km² in only 1 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Nardia huerlimannii </b></i></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="4">Grolle & Vána</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Jungermanniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: New Caledonia. Known only from type locality.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On rotten log and on bark in moist forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: Vána 1970 and pers. comm.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 500km² in only 1 localities) but not declining - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Nowellia wrightii </b></i>Grolle</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Cephaloziaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: Cuba, four localities in the Orient province in the east. Vána (in litt.) </font><font SIZE="2">assumes there are more than five localities referring to Pócs.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On bark and rotten log in undisturbed lower montane rain forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: T. Pócs pers. comm., J. Vána pers. comm., Grolle 1968, Gradstein 1992b.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 1,000km² in less than 10 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - VU (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Phycolepidozia exigua </b></i>Schust.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Phycolepidoziaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Dominica. Known only from type collection.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On bark of tree in humid rain forest, 450m.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction. Original locality destroyed by hurricane. Efforts to relocate the species have been unsuccessful.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Schuster 1967, Gradstein 1992b.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: The only known locality has been destroyed and the species unsuccessfully looked for. It should thus be regarded as extinct. However, other similar species have been rediscovered on Dominica and it can not be outruled that also this species will be found with further search. It is thus best treated as facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km²) in combination with declining habitats and populations. - CR (B1bc,2bc).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Perssoniella vitreocincta </b></i>Herz.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Personiellaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Endemic to New Caledonia. Known from 5 localities.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On tunks in montane <i>Araucaria</i> forests.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Sources</b>: Herzog 1952, Hürlimann 1978, Gradstein 1992a.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² with 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><b><i><p>Plagiochila wolframii</i> </b>Inoue</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Plagiochilaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Peru. Only known from one locality.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Subalpine forests.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Inoue 1987, Gradstein 1992a, b.</p> <b><p>IUCN: </b>Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 100km² with only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Radula jonesii </b></i>Bouman, Dirkse & Yamada</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Radulaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Canary Islands and Madeira.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On wet shaded rocks in evergreen forests.</p> <b><p>Threat:</b> Habitat destruction (deforestation).</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Bouman and Dirkse 1992, ECCB 1995.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² with less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Radula visiniaca </b></i>Mass.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Radulaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Italy. Known from two locality and not seen after 1938.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Poorly known. On soil or the base of tree trunks.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Probably extinct.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: ECCB 1995.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Searched for several times without success and therefore regarded as probably extinct. - ?EX.</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Riccia atlantica </b></i>Sérgio & Perold</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Ricciaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Madeira in a restricted area at the eastern end.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Urbanisation, dumping and tourist development.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: ECCB 1995.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km² with only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Sauteria spongiosa </b></i>(Kash.)Hatt.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Cleveaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Western Himalaya (India: Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh). Less than five localities after 1950 but a couple of new localities are found at high altitudes recently.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: High altitude rocks.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Small distribution area.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Pant <i>et al.</i> 1994.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (less than 5 localities). - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Scapania sphaerifera </b></i>Buch & Tuomik.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Scapaniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Russia, Kola Peninsula (1 locality) and S Siberia (4 localities).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On acidic boulders in dry habitats.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Small distribution area.</p> <b><p>Source</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: N. Konstantinova in litt., Vána 1993, Konstantinova and Potemkin 1994, ECCB 1995.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small total population (only 5 localities known). - VU (D2).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Scaphophyllum speciosum </b></i>(Horik.)Inoue</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Jungermanniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: Taiwan (5 localities, Vána in litt.), China (Yunnan), Bhutan, and recently found in Nepal. A subsp. </font><font SIZE="2"><i>villosum</i> Schust. is recently separated and the Himalayan (and probably also the Yunnan) specimens belong here while the populations on Taiwan belong to subsp. <i>speciosum</i> (Schuster 1998).</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: In Taiwan occurring on forest floor at 2,000-2,400m. In Bhutan on a damp mossy log in a shady ravine in wet mixed broad-leaved forest (Long and Grolle 1990).</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b></font><font FACE="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" SIZE="2">: Vána and Inoue 1983,</font><font SIZE="2" COLOR="#ff0000"> </font><font SIZE="2">Zhu <i>et al.</i> 1994, Long and Grolle 1990, Schuster 1998, Lai 1999.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 1,000km² in less than 10 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - VU (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Schistochila macrodonta </b></i>W.E. Nicholson</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Schistochilaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: China (Yunnan) and Bhutan on one locality each.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On stems in rainforest (Nicholson 1930). In Bhutan on a damp mossy log in a shady ravine in wet mixed broad-leaved forest (Long and Grolle 1990).</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: D. Long pers. comm., Nicholson 1930, Long and Grolle 1990.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 1,000km² with only 2 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Schistochila undulatifolia </b></i>Piippo</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Schistochilaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Papua New Guinea (West Sepik Province). Only known from type locality.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On fallen trunk in undisturbed tropical rain forest, 800-1,050m a.s.l.</p> <b><p>Threats</b>: Mining of copper and logging activities near the localities.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Piippo 1986, Gradstein 1992a.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km² with only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Sewardiella tuberifera </b></i>Kash.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Fossombroniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Western Himalaya (India: Himchal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh). Recorded from several localities at 1,000-2500m a.s.l. but disappeared from some of them.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Moist rocks at high altitudes.</p> <b><p>Threats</b>: Habitat destruction at lower altitudes where it has not been seen recently at some localities around Naini Tal.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Kashyap 1929, Pant <i>et al.</i> 1994.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Vulnerable) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 1,000km² with less than 10 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - VU (A1ac, B1,2bc).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Sphaerocarpos drewei </b></i>Wigglesw.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Sphaerocarpaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: California, USA. Only known from seven sites within one small region around San Diego and a recent locality in Santa Rosa Plateau Ecological Reserve c. 110km N of the other localities (Doyle 1998).</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Most localities are within urbanized areas threatened by further urban constructions. However, the latest found locality is in an ecological reserve without any immediately human threat.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Under shade of coastal sage brush (Doyle 1998). Seem to be associated with <i>Geothallus tuberosus</i>.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: A. Whittemore in litt., Wolery and Doyle 1969, Doyle 1998.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km²) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Sphaerolejeunea umbilicata </b></i>Herz.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Colombia (Cauca Department). Known only from type collection.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Epiphyllous in montane forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Deforestation.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Gradstein 1992a, b.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km² with only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Spruceanthus theobromae </b></i>(Spruce)Gradst.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Ecuador (El Ríos Department, western Ecuador). Only one extant locality known.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On bark of old cacao tree in periocally inundated plantation.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: The forest in the area has now mostly been destroyed.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Gradstein 1992a, b, and in press.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km² with only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Stenorrhipis rhizomatica </b></i>Herz.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Jungermanniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Borneo, Sarawak. Only known from the type locality.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On boulder.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Gradstein (pers. comm.).</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km² with only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Stephensoniella brevipedunculata </b></i>Kash.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Exormothecaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Western Himalaya (India: Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh), 1,000-2,700m a.s.l.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: Open soil?</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Habitat destruction (urbanization) at lower altitude. <b>Source</b>: G. Pant in litt., Pant <i>et al.</i> 1994.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² with less than 5 localities) in combination with declining populations and habitats. - EN (B1,2bcd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Symbiezidium madagascariensis </b></i>Steph.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Lejeuneaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Northeastern Madagascar and the Seychelles. Less than five localities.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On bark in lowland rain forest.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Deforestation.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: Gradstein and van Beek 1985, Gradstein 1992a.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing very high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Endangered) based on its small distribution area (area of occupancy less than 500km² with less than 5 localities) in combination with declining habitats. - EN (B1,2cd).</p> </font><font SIZE="4"><i><b><p>Vandiemenia ratkowskiana </b></i>Hewson.</p> </font><font SIZE="2"><p>Family: Vandiemeniaceae.</p> <b><p>Distribution</b>: Australia (Tasmania). Only known from the type locality.</p> <b><p>Habitat</b>: On rotten log.</p> <b><p>Threat</b>: Forest fire.</p> <b><p>Source</b>: H. Streimann pers. comm.</p> <b><p>IUCN</b>: Facing extremely high risk of extinction in the near future (IUCN category Critically Endangered) based on its small distribution area (extent of occupancy less than 100km² with only 1 locality) in combination with declining habitats. - CR (B1,2c).</p> </font> </body>